这些技术用于研究基因、RNA与蛋白质在细胞中的表达与功能，是现代生物医学研究的重要工具。
These techniques are essential tools in modern biomedical research, enabling the study of gene, RNA, and protein expression and function in cells.

如何养细胞——在体外模拟体内环境，培养并维持细胞的生长，用于后续实验操作。
Culturing cells under controlled conditions outside the organism for downstream experiments.

如何测蛋白——检测特定蛋白的表达水平和分子量，用于验证蛋白表达或修饰情况。
Detecting specific proteins to assess their expression levels or post-translational modifications.

如何做核酸——将mRNA反转录为cDNA后进行实时定量PCR，用于分析基因表达水平。
Quantifying gene expression by reverse-transcribing mRNA into cDNA and measuring it in real time.

如何增质粒——将外源DNA导入细菌细胞（如大肠杆菌），用于扩增和保存质粒。
Introducing foreign DNA into bacteria for plasmid amplification and storage.

如何提质粒——从转化后的细菌中提取大量高纯度质粒，用于转染或构建。
Purifying large amounts of high-quality plasmid DNA from transformed bacterial cultures.

如何转质粒——将纯化后的质粒或RNA导入真核细胞，用于调控基因表达或功能研究。
Delivering plasmid DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to modulate gene expression or study gene function.