写在开头：本章节主要介绍一些免疫学常用的研究方法
Write at the beginning: This chapter mainly introduces some research methods commonly used in immunology
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There are three types of methods to identify microbes:
1. Phenotypic: morphology, including microscopic, macroscopic, and biochemical characteristics.
2. Immunological: serological analysis,
3. Genotypic: genetic techniques.